After reading three articles, I realized that I agree with both authors at some points and I have some questions. I agree with Kozma’s argument regarding reframing the question which should be “will” media influence learning instead of “do”. Educational technologies were in the development process in 1980s. Thus, it was critical to understand the relationship between media and learning to be able to create connections with them in the future with advanced technologies. In the light of Kozma’s perspective, I asked myself “What are the alternative media that we should explore today for the future of education?”. AI and teacher robots are two new technologies that I know so far.
It was also interesting to see that although there is a debate between Kozma and Clark, they fundamentally agree with each other regarding the lack of evidence about the media’s effect on learning. On the other hand, Kozma approached the issue from a different perspective by thinking about the reasons for the fact that why a relationship could not be found and focusing on more holistic frameworks, instead of behavioral perspectives.
Some of the puzzling questions for me are: If we accept that media are effective in learning, how can we balance media with more conventional methods (e.g. texts, observations, and experiments)? Additionally, how can we ensure the accessibility of media, while there is a significant disparity between advantaged and disadvantaged students? I also wonder what Clark and Kozma would think about education during the pandemic.
I would like to add a question here to your list: Is there a difference between media and techonology? In the pandemic we see an increased use of technology, while the use of media may or may not be present in all teaching contexts. I also completely agree on your wondering of how Clark and Kozma would respond to the context of pandemic teaching and learning, and I would assume that they would find themselves forced to reconcile with the fact that media is not a separate entity of life as it used to be in the 1980s or even the 90s.
First of all, I would like to say that I also agree with Kozma’s ideas for reframing questions from “do” media influence learning to “will” question. Additionally, he pointed out that it is important to make a relationship between media and learning, as it is not a natural science but a design science and educational technology area.
While reading your response, I wanted to ask you about this sentence you wrote, “they fundamentally agree with each other regarding the lack of evidence about the media’s effect on learning.” What do you mean that they fundamentally agree that there is lack of evidence? Because I thought Kozma revealed the results of two effective instructional media and identified their causal mechanisms by which media influence learning.
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