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What we need to remember about Clark’s 1983 paper is that the idea of media was limited, especially in the context of its impact on teaching and learning. The definition of media has expanded, and so has its effects on our daily lives. Given how entrenched our lives have become with our devices, it is only natural that this relationship is to deepen in our learning environments as well. This truth has become even more solidified in the post-pandemic world, where media is not simply a carrier of the information, but the very form of the classroom in itself. What Clark’s argument does not take into account is the nature of the environment in which teaching and learning takes place, and how much that impacts the teachers and learners.

Speaking of teachers, Clark’s view of education and learning is based on the assumption that there is always a live teacher figure in an context of learning. The teacher imparts the curricular content, thereby rendering the medium useless. However, in our current context of online learning (with or without the pandemic), there is no assured human teacher figure, thereby newly constructing media in a way that imparts content without human intervention in learning.